ju·jit·su also ju·jut·su or jiu·jit·su or jiu·jut·su (j-jts) n. An art of weaponless self-defense developed in Japan that uses throws, holds, and blows and derives added power from the attacker's own weight and strength. jujitsu - a method of self-defense without weapons that was developed in China and Japan; holds and blows are supplemented by clever use of the attacker's own weight and strength ---------- open source linux :: customized for each individual :: freedom to decide what to use internet :: python, sqmml, apache, >>supporting the internet. collaborations ------------ marginal cost In general terms, marginal cost at each level of production includes any additional costs required to produce the next unit. If producing additional vehicles requires, for example, building a new factory, the marginal cost of those extra vehicles includes the cost of the new factory. ------------ Rival and nonrival GOODS In economics, a good is considered either rivalrous (rival) or nonrival. Rival goods are goods whose consumption by one consumer prevents simultaneous consumption by other consumers. Most goods, both durable and nondurable, are rival goods. A hammer is a durable rival good. One person's use of the hammer presents a significant barrier to others who desire to use that hammer at the same time. However, the first user does not "use up" the hammer, meaning that some rival goods can still be shared through time. An apple is a nondurable rival good: once an apple is eaten, it is "used up" and no longer able to be eaten by others. In contrast, nonrival goods may be consumed by one consumer without preventing simultaneous consumption by others. Most examples of nonrival goods are intangible. Television is an example of a nonrival good: when a consumer turns on a set, this doesn't prevent the TV in another consumer's house from working. Here, the nonrival good is not the TV but rather the television service. More generally, most intellectual property is nonrival. Nonrival, tangible objects include, for example, a beautiful scenic view. Goods that are non-rival are therefore goods that can be enjoyed simultaneously by an unlimited number of consumers. Goods that are both nonrival and non-excludable are called public goods. ------ FastTrack Popular features of FastTrack are the ability to resume interrupted downloads and to simultaneously download segments of one file from multiple peers. Also, the search for a certain keyword is optimal: if the search is not stopped or timed out, FastTrack finds a source for the search if one exists. FastTrack is a so-called second generation P2P protocol. It uses supernodes to improve scalability. To allow downloading from multiple sources, FastTrack employs the UUHash hashing algorithm. While UUHash allows very large files to be checksummed in a short time, even on slow computers, it also allows for massive corruption of a file to go unnoticed. Many people, as well as the RIAA, have exploited this vulnerability to spread corrupt and fake files on the network. --------- MESH NETWORK Mesh networking is a way to route data, voice and instructions between nodes. It allows for continuous connections and reconfiguration around broken or blocked paths by “hopping” from node to node until the destination is reached. A mesh network whose nodes are all connected to each other is a fully connected network. Mesh networks differ from other networks in that the component parts can all connect to each other via multiple hops, and they generally are not mobile. graphic: http://www.people.umass.edu/vnambood/research.htm "if you see so and so tell him x" ------- mass media model We know how Mass Media communications work: messages are created by a limited group of authors, i.e. the major media conglomerates, and disseminated through a finite number of channels, i.e. TV, Radio, Print, etc. Mass Media marketing strategy consisted of making enough impressions with your message in order to influence your audience's choices. Traditional Mass Media Model of One-to- Many Marketing Communications --- new media ::: networks :: social media Things have changed. The traditional communication channels have been shattered into millions of distinct outlets. Message creators now have little, if any, control over the dissemination of their message. Audiences are influenced primarily by their self-curated networks of information sources which they find most relevant to their unique interests and desires. http://www.mikearauz.com/2007/08/how-to-navigate-new-media.html many-to-many communication -------- ---------- http://web2.socialcomputingmagazine.com/ this work by http://web2.socialcomputingmagazine.com is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported License. -------- napster graphic http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/napster.gif -------- ibm blue gene http://news.cnet.com/Photos-IBMs-Blue-GeneL-supercomputer/2009-1010_3-5439494.html Photo credit: IBM Sixteen racks of IBM's Blue Gene/L supercomputer can perform 70.7 trillion calculations per second, making it the fastest machine known so far. ----- peer production” (volunteer contributed content) and “crowdsourcing” http://freethinkr.wordpress.com/peer-production/ peer production” (volunteer contributed content) and “crowdsourcing” (paid contributor content) to create massively distributed idea, design, production and marketing factories for the global knowledge economy. collaborate effectively, regardless of their location. ---------- networked information economy "system of production, distribution, and consumption of information goods characterized by decentralized individual action carried out through wildly distributed, nonmarket means that do not depend on market strategies." --- CC photos Radio towers by maliciousmonkey http://flickr.com/photos/maliciousmonkey/709340889/ Berlin TV tower by Rol1000 ----- ford foto The Ford factory, Manchester, c1911. Lines of Model Ts, off the production line. The Ford factory, Manchester, c1911. . http://www.topfoto.co.uk/gallery/modeltford/ppages/ppage33.html http://www.topfoto.co.uk/gallery/modeltford/ppages/ppage35.html --------- P2P is not just a technology but really a new way of doing things, a new way of being in the world and, you know, just, kind of, the taste of the next society in a way. peer production - it's when those people start deciding to do something in common, to produce something - think of Linux, think of Wikipedia, think of, you know, the how many billions of pages on Google which are produced by people together. technology that allows people to work in small groups, even in big projects, and even when they're not together. That's a big difference. different ways of people acting for their own benefit....you're doing it for your own but you know that you're also sharing at the same time, and those are the new Web 2.0 projects, like de.licio.us - sharing bookmarks, Flickr - sharing photos, Youtube - you're sharing videos. You're still doing it for yourself, but you know you're doing it in a group, and that you benefit from the other people doing it producing something in common, as a group. the commons: common area where everybody can use the wood, get the herbs or whatever, and its really only in the capitalist system, in the sixteenth century, what was called the enclosures, where these common areas are abandoned and privatized. people have always wanted to do that in some way or another, but what we have now - the big advantage - is that we have abundance, in material resources. We have the internet, we have the web. .>>By creating this abundance, it's easier to share. I think peer to peer is more people saying "shall we do this together", and then of course the people who launch it have some kind of extra leverage, because they inspire the others, like Jimmy Wales in Wikipedia, Richard Stallman with Free Software, Linus Torvald with Linux. the traditional way of doing things is getting more difficult, and then you see these alternatives emerging which are doing it better and more easier, and more productively and making better products. huge new industry, making participatory platforms, and these are making money based on your, from your sharing, but they're also enabling your sharing, so it's a kind of mutual benefit, right? As an individual, you give freely to the commons, but you learn from it, so you increase your knowledge capital. You get to know people - and you increase your relationship capital, your network capital. If to a a degree you are trustworthy and you give more, your reputation goes up. ------------ p2p production changes <> information and cultural production system :: form new info/knowledge/cultural goods Information production and exchange chain (3 functions) 1.initial utterance 2.knowledge map:: conceptual map >>> relevance/acreditation. credibility 3.distribution different to the massmedia world. network:internet:: dissagregation of functions -------- Internet -can produce encyclopedic almanac-type of information -large number of contributors - --------- Non-Market a form of co-creation that is largely independent of markets, where individuals willingly come together to create and share self-generated information, knowledge and content independent of any mechanisms of market exchange. In The Wealth of Networks, Yochai Benkler explores the dimensions and potential of such non-market co-creation / collaboration in some depth. in a non-market context, there is no economic mechanism or price for exchange and no ownership of information or goods. In a co-creation sense, such environments are characterised by the collaborative creation and sharing of knowledge and information by individuals in decentralised communities. The “value” derived by individuals in such communities is not moderated by an economic price but by social factors, experiential elements, meaning, learning, attention and shared values.