ĐĎॹá>ţ˙ ćčţ˙˙˙äĺ˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙˙ěĽÁb đżI{jbjböĹöĹ $şœ§œ§Iu˙˙˙˙˙˙ˆ†††††††ÄLÄLÄLÄLÄ`ÄäÄŒ×ęPĹTĹTĹTĹTĹTĹTĹTĹ×××××××,vŘRČÚ˘1׆TĹTĹTĹTĹTĹ1×Ԇ†TĹTĹF×ÔÔÔTĹZ†TņTĹ×ԚTîֆ†††TĹ×ÔÔŰÖ††×DĹ ŘC*ÉLÄŽÉZ óÖ×\×0Œ×űÖjŰÔjŰ×ԆÄÄda(e$_ÄÄ(eFOSS participatory mapping as alternative media: Open Street Map and the creation of a free editable map of the world On January 12 of 2010, after the catastrophic earthquake (magnitude 7.0 Mw) that occurred near Port au Prince and that triggered a humanitarian crisis, hundreds of volunteers distributed across the globe worked together in the creation of an updated and complete digital map of Haiti. Using computers, photographic imagery, and the tools from the Open Street Map (OSM) project, they were able to generate the most detailed and updated map of Haiti in a few days. Between November and December of 2009, local young people from Kibera, the biggest slum in Nairobi, Kenya, collaborated in the creation of a digital map of their local environment using computers, GPS units, pencils, papers, scanners, and OSM tools. By January of 2010, Kibera, a part of Nairobi that had been ignored by the official and commercial cartography (e.g. it appears as a forest in government maps and Google imagery) was finally mapped and their geographical data was freely available online to everybody with Internet access. These two digital maps of Haiti and Kibera, as well as their process of production, are outstanding examples of the alternative and collaborative cartography projects that the OSM is facilitating both locally and globally. Taking advantage of several information and communication technologies (ICTs) such as the GPS devices, the World Wide Web (the Web), and computers, OSM is allowing amateur cartographers to participate in the mapping of neighborhoods, cities, towns, and countries, and in this ways contribute to the creation of an alternative and free map of the world. Because this kind of mapping combines the idealism of the free software movement, the pragmatism of the open source method, and some of the strategies of participatory cartography, it can be called FOSS (Free and Open Source Software) participatory mapping. The hybrid nature of the FOSS participatory mapping projects developed with OSM provides a unique opportunity for understanding the intersection between the free software philosophy, the open source model of production, and alternative media theory. In this paper I will try to reveal some of the basic intersections that occur between them. 1. Mapping in the Internet : Open Street Map. The web and participatory culture. Maps have usually been made by the powerful. The World Wide Web as a platform for publishing, as a communication medium. OSM brings mapping to the non professional Different local, regional, and global initiatives that use OSM is a project that can be studied with the help of multiple disciplines and frameworks In this paper I want to describe OSM as a digital participatory mapping project using the FOSS movement and the alternative media frameworks. Bringing mapping to the masses. Open Street Map was founded Open Street Map (OSM), the platform used for the creation of the Haiti and Kibera is the best example of open source mapping. the OSM project facilitates and encourages. This cartography is alternative to the traditional one made by professional mappers, governments, and commercial institutions. The OSM is a successful example of this new kind of cartography and a leader in FOSS movement. Combining participatory and collaborative methodologies with the use of Internet based GIS (Geographical Information Systems), and with the philosophy of of a bigger project called Open Street Map Both maps were created using the OSM platform, a digital technology that is on the Web and that allows this kind of desentralized productiong. The digital maps of Port de Prince and Kibera Open Street Map (OSM), an online platform for the creation of a free editable map of the world. OSM is a collaborative and participatory project that follows the “open source” model of development or what has also been called “commons based peer production.” OpenStreetMap (OSM) was founded in July 2004 by Steve Coast, an entrepreneur and computer scientist from University College of London. It was created to provide free map data to the people. In the UK detailed geographical data has not been released for private use. This fact, was important for starting the project and get contributors. OpenStreetMap (OSM) project has a clear goal, create and provide free geographic data to everybody, without legal and technical restrictions on their use. Allowing to share, reuse, mix, and change the map. When volunteers visit the website, they encounter the map with several tabs that are similar to can edit the the map display features a prominent 'Edit' tab and a full revision history is maintained. Registered users can upload GPS track logs and edit the vector data using the given editing tools. Editing tools : For map making, Icons/tags: Besides considering the usual highways, Cycleways, Waterways, Railways Details. E.g. Amenity tag : restaurant, pub, parking, telephone, recycling, kindergarten, café, toilets, cinema, park bench, fountain, People participates in different ways. They can use portable GPS devices to track their trajectories, upload this data to the OSM database, and then edit their traces in the OSM online platform. Volunteers can also trace aerial photography that is in public domain or has been donated for OSM use. Other option is to use pencil, paper and a scanner. In this mode, amateur cartographers work on the field using printed versions of OSM maps and add information on the paper for later on, scan them, and upload them to the OSM database. Finally, there is also the option of editing the map based only in the local knowledge that people have. or local knowledge. Both rendered images and the vector graphics are available for download under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 licence. OSM is a platform for editing a map. OSM works under the model of information and cultural production called “commons based peer production” (Benkler). Both the content and the architecture of the software are made by peers and volunteers and have special copyright licences that encourage reusing them, appropriating them, sharing. This mode of production follows the model of the Free and Open Source Software (FOSS). OSM follows the model and philosophy of FOSS. Succesful stories from that use FOSS and follow the production model: Linux operative system, Apache web server, Wikipedia, Drupal (CMS). Many platforms in the Web 2.0 also follow this “open source” model. Related to open content, open data philoshophies Community mapping, alternative mapping, vernacular mapping Wiki-style map. Features resemble wikipedia: edit, history, discussion. Mayny wikis inside the project. Uses wikimedia software “The Wikiworld is build thorugh the ‘collaborative turn,’ or what is called participatory culture, which includes relatively low barriers of civic engagement and activism, artistic and other sorts of expression, easy access for creating and sharing one’s outputs with others, peer-to-peer relations and informal mentorship.” (2) digital mapping as one of the tools for participation, for engagement. Part of the participatory culture Digital tools used for open collaboration : amalgam of social and technological innovation -new socio cultural practices -new technologies : internet, wiki software open content production and distribution social bookmarking folksonomy (user-generated taxonomy and categorization) foss blogosphere “Open collaboration is potentially global, transgressing nacional, racial and economic boundaries.” (119) “Digital environments of open collaboration” “radical openness in the media people use” (161) -demands that people participate and collaborate with each other -allows them to see how knowledge is constructed (as in wikipedia and other wikis) -creation and negotiation can be tracked very precisely by clicking the history and discussion buttons culture of contribute and share >> participate Benkler’s network culture :: The Wealth of the Networks Lowered costs of production and distribution Participants are not “constrained to organize their relationship through a price system or in traditional hierarchical models of social and economic organization.” New models of social and economic organization OpenStreetMap data can be used freely under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license. OpenStreetMap's "Rails port" core software, including the API code, is licensed under the GNU GPL. Consult documentation or source code for the licences of other software. The OSM licenses :: copyright :: some rights reserved :: freedom for the users -GPL free software open source software copyleft defends the freedom of the software for every user 2way cooperation :: GNU GPL It says, if you want to share our code in your programs, you can. But, you've got to share and share alike. The changes that you make we have to be allowed to share. So, it's a two-way cooperation, which is real cooperation. 170 "Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation" -CC creative commons and free culture open content 2. Meeting at the Crossroad How they meet and why. OSM is a hybrid. FOSS is a hybrid as well. Free software philosophy is radical because it argues for social change and has a stron ethical goal. A social movement Open source model is alternative because it focus more in the production aspect of the software and doesnot have any political philosophy. A development methodology “Free software activists and open source enthusiasts” ** Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software. Retrieved Online. http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html Alternative Media Framework of alternative media theory is useful for explaining innovative practices in the field of mapping and computer technology. Alternative media differ from mainstream media along one or more of the following dimensions: their content, aesthetic, modes of production, modes of distribution, and audience relations. media (newspapers, radio, television, magazines, movies, Internet, etc.) which provide alternative information to the mainstream media in a given context, whether the mainstream media are commercial, publicly supported, or government-owned. Information provided by this media is different to the one found in the mainstream. This information cannot be found anywhere else. It is different. Different interpretations of the world. Content and context alternative media >>> deals with the opinions of small minoriites it deals with subjects not given regular coverage by mainstream non-commercial >> basic concern with ideas, not with profit social responsibility :: promotion of local communities and local democracy opportunity for radical content outside of mainstream characteristics of alternative media practice: -democratic/collectivist process of production; -a commitment ot innovation or experimentiation in form/and content. experimentation and transformation of existing roles, routines, emblems, signs having social change as its heart ::: oppositional cultures *Downing introduced the term to the academy: Radical alternative media (1980s) "context and consequences must be our primary guides to what are or ware not definable as radical alternative media." p.x radical alternative media are found in a variety of formats radical because is related to social change radical alternative media "generally serve two overriding purposes: (a) to express opposition vertically from subordinate quarters directly at the power structure and against its behavior; (b) to build support, solidarity, and networking laterally against policies or even against the very survival of the power structure. In any given instance, both vertical and lateral purposes may be involved." xi "tendency to be somewhat more, or sometimes considerably more democratic than conventional mainstream media" xi “Placing radical alternative media within this larger context of state power, hegemony, and insubordination is a necessary step toward understanding them. We need to be alert to multiple forms of power and subordination, often interlocking; to the centrality of culture as the ground on which struggles fro freedom and justice are fought out; and to the powerful operation of micro subversive strategies.”19 audiences redefined as media users rather than consumers active rather than uncritical active media users and radical media producers it is not simply the content, it is also the relations of production the production context also can be radical in pursue of social change model of cultural production : participatory production, organization privileges process over product, organization and engagement over words and circulation figures principles of RAM: 1. the importance of encouraging contributions from as many interested parties as possible, in order to emphasize the "multiple realities" of social life (oppression, political cultures, economic situations); 2. that radical media, while they may be partisan, should never become a tool of a party intelligentsia; 3. that radical media at their most creative and socially significant privilege movements over institutions; 4. that within the organisation of radical media there appears an emphasis n prefigurative politics. In Atton p.20 considers radical media as the media of social movements Atton (2002) theory of alternative and radical media that is not limited to political and resistance media but also account newer cultural forms such as zines and hybrids forms of electronic communication. focus on process and relation diversity of alternatie media: different forms and differetn perspectives heterogeneity of styles, contributions, perspectives democratic-participant model >> small scale more interested in the free flow of ideas than in profit significance of alternative media for radical an unconventional content "I propose a model of the alternative media that is as much concerned with how it is organized within its sociocultural context as with its subject matter." p.10 "the alternative media employ methods of production and distribution, allied to an activist philosophy of creating "information for action" timeously and rapidly." p.12 They can deal with emerging issues "it is in the nature of acticies to respond to social isses as they emerge" 12 content :: disocurses to provoke social change -Citizen media media that is controloed by citizens as opposed to state- or coporate controlled media "not only freedom from corporate influence may be obtained, but also the freedom to publish on subjects directly useful to citizens amd to involve those same citizens in their production." 17 action : "enact social change through their own means of production, which are themselves positioned in relation to the dominant means of production." 18 change : could be local, national, global, individual personal act of becoming an zine editor >>> personal act of becoming a mapper! "radicality of process over content: "a consideration which envourages us to account for alternative and radical media with content that is not explicity political or that has an avowedly non-politicial content, where the processes of producion enable the "position" of the media and its producers to be radicalized" p.23 work position within the relations of production reader/writer blur turning consumers into producers, spectators into collaborators "emphasizes the organization of media to enable wider social participation in their creation, production, dissemination that is possible in the mass media. " p.25 JAmes HAmilton (2001) >>> alternative media >> "must be deprofessionalized, decapitalizaed, and deinsitutionalized." p.25 transformation of notions of professionalism, ocmpetence and expertise. -topology of alternative and radical media 1. content (political radical, socially/cultural radical): news values 2. form - graphics, visual language; varieties of presentation and binding; aesthetics 3. reprographic innovations/adaptations - use of mimeographs, IBM typesetting, offset litho, photocopiers 4. "Distributive use" - alternative sites for distribution, clandestine/invisible distribution networks, anti-copyright 5. transformed social relations, roles and responsibilities - reader-writers, collective organization, de-professionalization of journalism, printing, publishing 6. transformed communication processes - horizontal linkages, networks. 1.2. Understanding FOSS Free and open source software (F/OSS, FOSS) or free/libre/open source software (FLOSS) is software that is liberally licensed to grant the right of users to use, study, change, and improve its design through the availability of its source code. FOSS works very well with alternative media practices. ONGs and activist use many of its application. It is a technology that goes very well with activism FOSS GIS applications Sometimes they are called a movement, because they have indeed propriciated many changes in culture, especially related to the Internet. Their model of production has actually become so popular that has been tried to go mainstream in the Web 2.0. However, what some people calls now open source, has its roots in the free software movement. That is the reason why it is more appropriate to call it FOSS and embrace the hibridity of the movement. Some call them communities, some call them movements. I will not focus in this issues. Instead of that I will try to describe how the hybrid, the monster of free and open source software has originated. For the purpose of this paper, what is important is to be aware that the free software movement provides the idealism and the open source software provides the pragmatism or model of production. One could says that free software is radical alternative media, in the sense proposed by Dowing. And open source software is alternative media, in the sense proposed by Atton. Philosophy of FOSS. Ethics of Free Software are more radical that the pragmatism of OS. Grew up from an oppositional culture : hacker culture, a technical culture that originated around computers from the 1960s. freedom and openness disagreement in the principles but not enemies the enemy is proprietary software philosophical disagreement. Practices of FOSS can be understood as a critique of legal and political institutions The model of production and the term open source has even stopped being related to software and has been embraced by artists, educators, governments, NGOs, and activist. New popular rhetoric and new set of practices concerning authorship, ownership, expression, speech, law, politics, education and technology. 1.2.1. The GNU project: “Free as in free speech” The free software movement has campaigned for computer users' freedom since 1983. In 1984 we launched the development of the free operating system GNU, so that we could avoid the nonfree operating systems that deny freedom to their users. Computer hacker, activist, philosopher, programmer. Computer world. Digital technologies. P It provides the philosophy, the ethics, politics, legal power as well. In order to understand, I will refer to the writings of RMS. free as in freedom nothing to do with price clear purpose : create a new software-sharing community ideas of freedom, community, and principle clear goal of GNU :: to give the users freedom, not just to be popular. against attempts to block the sharing of information freedom and spirit of voluntary cooperation Talks about society, citizens. Against copyright in software, as a product of creativity. Commitment to freedom and cooperation commitment to the freedom to cooperate and to "community spirit" a social movement spiritual Here's the GNU philosophy. This philosophy is why this system that I like very much exists," free software relates to our society Digital information technology contributes to the world by making it easier to copy and modify information. Computers promise to make this easier for all of us. Critique, philosophy, politics, social movement **Democratic “free software is a new mechanism for democracy to operate.” 176 talking about freedom, about ethical issues, about responsibilities as well as convenience, is asking people to think about things they might rather ignore. mention political and social ideas : the freedom >>> "I cannot give you a copy" :: i cannot share :: copyright : refuse to cooperate a social phenomenon that was important and affected a lot of people. unethical >>> promise not to share useful information >>>software : generally useful technical information >>decides to write an operating system :: something that was needed >>> compatible with Unix ::: a portable system For the free software movement, however, nonfree software is a social problem, and the solution is to stop using it and move to free software. teaching people to value freedom deeper ideas of free software *Freedom One meaning refers to price, and another meaning refers to freedom. “It's free software and it gives you freedom!” * freedom to change the software to suit your needs *sharing :: friendship :: helping your neighbor for beings that can think and learn, sharing useful knowledge is a fundamental act of friendship. When these beings use computers, this act of friendship takes the form of sharing software. Friends share with each other. Friends help each other. This is the nature of friendship. And, in fact, this spirit of goodwill -- the spirit of helping your neighbor, voluntarily -- is society's most important resource. It makes the difference between a livable society and a dog-eat-dog jungle. Its importance has been recognized by the world's major religions for thousands of years, and they explicitly try to encourage this attitude. 164 "Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation" Society also needs freedom. When a program has an owner, the users lose freedom to control part of their own lives. *Spirit of cooperation the society was set up to teach, this spirit of cooperation. if you want a better society, you've got to work to encourage the spirit of sharing. You know, it'll never get to be 100%. That's understandable. 164 "Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation" Cooperation is more important than copyright. *GOALS : liberty, cooperation our goal was to give people liberty, and to encourage cooperation, to permit people to cooperate. Remember, never force anyone to cooperate with any other person, but make sure that everybody's allowed to cooperate, everyone has the freedom to do so, if he or she wishes. 169 "Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation" *long term view :: improve society We just have to have enough long-term view to realize it's good for us to invest in improving our society, without counting the nickels and dimes of who gets how much of the benefit from that investment. 180 "Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation" * community : and help each other ::: "I think I saw a bug in the source code" help build your community by publishing an improved version of the software. Community spirit I'm looking for people for whom building community spirit is as important as making money. p.33 Manifesto Free Info When there is a deliberate choice to restrict, the harmful consequences are deliberate destruction. p36 Manifesto “Free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of “free” as in “free speech,” not as in “free beer.” Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. More precisely, it means that the program's users have the four essential freedoms: * The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0). * The freedom to study how the program works, and change it to make it do what you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this. * The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor (freedom 2). * The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for this. p.41 The Free Software Definition To achieve these freedoms, Stallman created the GNU General Public License (GPL) and the copyleft method. In this way free software is protected from the danger of being transformed into proprietary software Novel uses of the law and copyright. Society also needs freedom. When a program has an owner, the users lose freedom to control part of their own lives. And, above all, society needs to encourage the spirit of voluntary cooperation in its citizens. When software owners tell us that helping our neighbors in a natural way is “piracy”, they pollute our society's civic spirit. p.48 Why Software Should Not Have Owners What does society need? It needs information that is truly available to its citizens—for example, programs that people can read, fix, adapt, and improve, not just operate. But what software owners typically deliver is a black box that we can't study or change. p.48 Why Software Should Not Have Owners 1.2.2. The Open Source Initiative: a model of production: “Open as in a bazaar” Derives from the free software community and culture. bazaar style of organizing provides the business charm popularize free software appealing for corporations a development methodology production process practical advantage >> avoid value freedom practical benefits at the end lead people in a similar direction :free software, but with different philosophical reasons the obvious meaning for the expression “open source software” is “You can look at the source code.” This is a much weaker criterion than free software; it includes free software, but also some proprietary programs The official definition of “open source software,” as published by the Open Source Initiative, is very close to our definition of free software; however, it is a little looser in some respects, They figured that by keeping quiet about ethics and freedom, and talking only about the immediate practical benefits of certain free software, they might be able to “sell” the software more effectively to certain users, especially business. The term “open source” is offered as a way of doing more of this—a way to be “more acceptable to business.” The views and values of the Open Source movement stem from this decision. 57 Why “Free Software” is better than “Open Source” only cite the practical benefits. They deny that this is an issue of principle. They deny that people are entitled to the freedom to share with their neighbor and to see what the program's doing and change it if they don't like it. The term was originally proposed to avoid a possible misunderstanding of the term “free software,” but it soon became associated with philosophical views quite different from those of the free software movement. Some of the supporters of open source considered the term a “marketing campaign for free software,” which would appeal to business executives by highlighting the software's practical benefits, while not raising issues of right and wrong that they might not like to hear. Nearly all open source software is free software. The two terms describe almost the same category of software, but they stand for views based on fundamentally different values. Open source is a development methodology; free software is a social movement. For the free software movement, free software is an ethical imperative, because only free software respects the users' freedom. By contrast, the philosophy of open source considers issues in terms of how to make software “better”—in a practical sense only. Open >> as participatory The term “open source” has been further stretched by its application to other activities, such as government, education, and science, where there is no such thing as source code, and where criteria for software licensing are simply not pertinent. The only thing these activities have in common is that they somehow invite people to participate. They stretch the term so far that it only means “participatory”. ** Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software. Retrieved Online. http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html The philosophy of open source, with its purely practical values, impedes understanding of the deeper ideas of free software -Term Open Source as a trade mark. Alternative to FS. Coined After Linux was already developed. The term did became more and more popular. The model of production and the term open source has even stopped being related to software and has been embraced by artists, educators, governments, NGOs, and activist. New popular rhetoric and new set of practices concerning authorship, ownership, expression, speech, law, politics, education and technology. -FOSS as commons based peer production :: the hybrid allows to a new kind of production of information in the digital networked environment. 2. OSM in action 2.1. Haiti crisis cartopraphy global 2.2. Kibera community mapping local local knowledge on the field situated the phenomenon of FOSS pariticpatory maps adds to our understanding of alternative media. Open a new kind of information. Geographical information can be used for social change. 3. Conclusion OSM is alternative media. Studying it shows the relationship between the FOSS movement, alternative media. 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