On January 5, 1991[12] he purchased an Intel 80386-based IBM PC[13] Although Torvalds believes "open source is the only right way to do software", he also has said that he uses the "best tool for the job", even if that includes proprietary software.[20 About 2% of the Linux kernel as of 2006 was written by Torvalds himself.[17] Since Linux has had thousands of contributors, such a percentage represents a significant personal contribution to the overall amount of code. Torvalds remains the ultimate authority on what new code is incorporated into the standard Linux kernel.[24] Torvalds owns the "Linux" trademark, and monitors[25] use of it chiefly through the Linux Mark Institute. I think Linus's cleverest and most consequential hack was not the construction of the Linux kernel itself, but rather his invention of the Linux development model. When I expressed this opinion in his presence once, he smiled and quietly repeated something he has often said: ``I'm basically a very lazy person who likes to get credit for things other people actually do.'' Lazy like a fox. Or, as Robert Heinlein famously wrote of one of his characters, too lazy to fail. ER ******************************* Raymond later coined the aphorism "Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow."[25] He credits Linus Torvalds with the inspiration for this quotation, which he dubs "Linus' Law". The quotation appears in "The Cathedral and the Bazaar", published in 1997.[26] Raymond became a prominent voice in the open source movement and co-founded the Open Source Initiative in 1998 ******************************** he Linux kernel began as a side project of Linus Torvalds, a university student from Finland. In 1991, Torvalds began work on it, and posted information about his project on a newsgroup for computer students and programmers. He received a wave of support and volunteers who ended up creating a full-fledged kernel. Programmers from GNU took notice, and members of both projects worked to integrate the finished GNU parts into the linux kernel in order to create a full-fledged operating system. ********************************** Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX, sometimes also written as Unix with small caps) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs, **************************** Netscape was the second company to attempt to capitalize on the (then) nascent World Wide Web. Netscape advertised that "the web is for everyone" and stated one of its goals as to "level the playing field" among operating systems by providing a consistent web browsing experience across them. The Netscape web browser interface was identical on any computer. This period of time became known as the browser wars, in which Netscape Communicator and Internet Explorer added many new features (not always working correctly) and went through many version numbers (not always in a logical fashion) in attempts to outdo each other. But Internet Explorer had the upper hand, as the amount of manpower and capital dedicated to it eventually surpassed the resources available in Netscape's entire business. By version 3.0, IE was roughly a feature-for-feature equivalent of Netscape Communicator, and by version 4.0, it was generally considered to be more stable on Windows than on the Macintosh platform. **************************** After coining the term “Web2.0″, O’Reilly Media Inc. sent a letter to IT@Cork demanding the removal of ‘Web 2.0′ from the name of a conference presented by IT@Cork. In response, bloggers and developers expressed their collective anger, disappointment, disbelief, disgust, and a healthy amount of humor. Out of the noise there have emerged two reasons for deleting ‘Web2.0′ from the lexicon: 1. O’Reilly ought not profit as a result of this type of exploitative behavior, and 2. Whatever the present phenomena may be called, those responsible for making it a reality ought to share in the privilege of using the name. Both these reasons make sense. O’Reilly, as the outfit credited with coining the term, must be held accountable for attempting to exploit those of us who have conceptualized and implemented the ideas to which the term ‘Web2.0′ has been attached. Additionally, the term ought to generically define the present phenomena and should therefore be freely usable.There is another powerful reason to now jettison ‘Web2.0′. By asserting proprietary rights in the term, O’Reilly has chosen exploitation as Web2.0’s defining trait. This cannot stand. We must reach consensus on a name that signifies a point of departure from ‘Web2.0′ and the idea of exploitation. The name must also indicate an ideal towards which we may strive, a standard by which we measure our progress in realizing a vision for the Web and for people in general. *********** open standards and the web html open programming standrad founding ideal of the Web: online information should be available to anyone with access to a browser and a search engine, which is to say everyone The term "open standard" is sometimes coupled with "open source" with the idea that a standard is not truly open if it does not have a complete free/open source reference implementation available. [1] Open standards which specify formats are sometimes referred to as open formats. ************************ The World Wide Web ("WWW" or simply the "Web") is a global information medium which users can read and write via computers connected to the Internet. The term is often mistakenly used as a synonym for the Internet itself, but the Web is a service that operates over the Internet, as e-mail does. The history of the Internet dates back significantly further than that of the World Wide Web. the open web **************** Computer Lib is a book by Ted Nelson, originally published in 1974 by Nelson himself, and packaged with Dream Machines, another book by Nelson In Computer Lib, Nelson writes passionately about the need for people to understand computers deeply, more deeply than was generally promoted as "computer literacy," which he considers a superficial kind of familiarity with particular hardware and software. His rallying cry "Down with Cybercrud" is against the centralization of computers such as that performed by IBM at the time, as well as against what he sees as the intentional untruths that "computer people" tell to non-computer people to keep them from understanding computers. ***************** Community Memory was the first public computerized bulletin board system. Established in 1973 in Berkeley, California, it used an SDS 940 timesharing system in San Francisco connected via a 110 baud link to a teletype at a record store in Berkeley to let users enter and retrieve messages.